Knowledge, practices and gender discrepancies of migrant labours concerning malaria in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20161984Keywords:
Migrant labour, Malaria endemicity, Knowledge of malaria, Gender, Urban malaria, Parasite reservoirAbstract
Background: Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha is an up-coming city since 1960s. The capital is undergoing various developmental activities and rapid industrialization. This is leading to migration of labours from various districts of Odisha including malaria endemic districts. The records available in central malaria laboratory, Bhubaneswar revealed high malaria incidence (ranged from 5% to 11% during last five years).
Methods: The study was undertaken in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, on migrant laboures (300 samples) through a pre-structured schedule.
Results: The study revealed the migrated respondents were from malaria endemic districts of Odisha. The malaria endemicity of the districts ranged from 2.2-9.8. It was also found that only 6% of the migrants were from low endemic areas i.e. SPR<5 But another 94% of the migrants were from high endemic areas i.e. SPR>5. Study of the awareness of the respondents showed 31% males and 9% females knew mosquito bite as a cause of malaria. Rapid Diagnostic Test showed twenty seven numbers of respondents tested positive for malaria (24 positive for PF and 3 positive for PV), out of them 6 were males and 21 were females. The study of their sleeping habits and personal protection methods showed that 32% respondents slept outdoor and 73% did not use anything as protection against mosquito bite. The study regarding knowledge of malaria signs and symptoms among respondents showed that the most commonly recognized signs and symptoms of malaria were headache (23%). Vector incrimination study showed that per man hour density of an. stephensi is 5.7.
Conclusions: Thus presence of efficient malaria vectors and inadequate knowledge in the migrant labour community and emphatically among female migrant labours regarding cause, symptoms, prevention, control measures and risks associated with malaria is the major reason of malaria transmission.
References
Patz JA, Olson SH. Malaria risk and temperature: Influences from global climate change and local land use practices. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006; 103(15):5635-6.
Tripathy A, Samanta L, Das S, Parida SK, Marai N, Hazra RK, et al. Distribution of sibling species of Anopheles culicifacies S.L. and Anopheles fluviatilis s.l. and their vectorial capacity in eight different malaria endemic districts of Orissa, India.Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2010;105(8):981-7.
Ahorlu CK, Koram KA, Arholu C, De Savigny D, Weiss MG. Socio-cultural determinants of treatment delay for childhood malaria in southern Ghana. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11(7):1022-31.
Tyagi P, Roy A, Malhotra MS. Knowledge, awareness and practices towards malaria in communities of rural, semi-rural and bordering areas of east Delhi (India). J Vector Borne Diseases. 2005;42(1):30-5.
World Health Organization: Malaria elimination: a field manual for low and moderate endemic countries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.
Christophers SR. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, vol. IV, Diptera family Culicidae, tribe Anophelinae, Taylor and Francis, London. 1933;271.
Hlongwana KW, Zitha A, Mabuza AM, Maharaj R. Knowledge and practices towards malaria amongst residents of Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Afr J Prm Health Care Fam Med. 2011;3(1): Art. #257, 9 pages.
Najera JA, Gonzalez-Silva M, Alonso PL. Some lessons for the future from the Global Malaria Eradication Programme (1955-1969). PLoS Med 2011;8:e1000412.
Prothero RM. Forced movements of population and health hazards in tropical Africa. International. Journal of Epidemiology. 1994;23(4):657-4.
Martens P, Hall L. Malaria on the move: human population movement and malaria transmission. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2000;6(2):103-9.
Cohen JM, Smith DL, Cotter C, Ward A, Yamey G, Sabot OJ, et al. Malaria resurgence: a systematic review and assessment of its causes. Malaria Journal. 2012;11:122.
Madhukar P, Anand Z, Winsley R, Samuel S, Santosh V, Abraham J. Malaria and migrant labours. Economic and Political Weekly 1997; April 19.
Del Prado GRL, Garc´ıa CH, Cea LM, Espinilla VF, Moreno MFM, Marquez AD, et al. “Malaria in developing countries,” Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2014;8(1):1-4.
Bhatia R, Rastogi RM, Ortega L, “Malaria successes and challenges in Asia,” Journal of Vector Borne Diseases. 2013;50(4):239-47.
Raeisi A, Gouya MM, Nadim A, Ranjbar M, Hasanzehi A, Fallahnezhad M, et al., Determination of malaria epidemiological status in Iran’s malarious areas as baseline information for implementation of malaria elimination program in Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2013;42(3):326-33,
Salvado E, Pinazo MJ, noz JMu. Clinical presentation ˜ and complications of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in two populations: travelers and immigrants. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica. 2008;26(5):282-4.
Mascarello M, Allegranzi B, Angheben A, Anselmi M, Concia E, Laganà S, et al. Imported malaria in adults and children: epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 380 consecutive cases observed in Verona, Italy. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2008;15(4):229-36.
Iqbal J, Sher A, Hira PR, Al-Owaish R. Comparison of the OptiMAL test with PCR for diagnosis of malaria in immigrants. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999;37(11):3644-6.
Prothero RM. Disease and mobility: a neglected factor in epidemiology. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1977;6:259-67.
Tatem AJ, Smith DL. International population movements and regional Plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination strategies. Proceedings of Natural Academy of Science. 2010;107(27):12222-7.
Nkuo Akenji TK, Ntonifor NN, Ching JK, Kimbi HK, Ndamukong KN, Anong DN, et al. Evaluating a malaria intervention strategy using knowledge, practices and coverage surveys in rural Bolifamba, south-west Cameroon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005;99(5):325-32.
Tolhurst R, Koning K de, Price J , Kemp J , Theobald S, Squire SB. The challenge of infectious disease: time to take gender into account. Journal of Health Management. 2002;4(2):135-51.
Rout NR. Slum growth in Bhubaneswar; A problem or solution? ITPI Journal. 2008;5:4(59-64).
Annual report 2002-2003. Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR, Bhubaneswar.
Salmanzadeh S, Foroutan-Rad M, Khademvatan S, Moogahi S, Bigdeli S. Significant Decline of Malaria Incidence in Southwest of Iran (2001–2014). Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2015. Article ID 523767, 6 pages http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1155/ 2015/ 523767.
Smith DL, Guerra CA, Snow RW, Hay SI. Standardizing estimates of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate. Malaria Journal. 2007,6:131.
Pindolia DK, Garcia AJ, Wesolowski A, Smith DL, Buckee CO, Noor AM, et al. Human movement data for malaria control and elimination strategic planning. Malaria Journal. 2012;11:205.
Health Protection Agency: Migrant Health, UK London.
