Antibacterial efficacy of Acacia nilotica, Aegle marmelos herbal extracts against Enterococcus faecalis: an invitro study

Subhashini A.; Ashok Leburu; Madhuram Krishnamurthy; Naveen Kumar V.; Praveen Nehrudas

doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20232434

Authors

Subhashini A. Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences, Madhurantagam, Tamil Nadu, India
Ashok Leburu Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences, Madhurantagam, Tamil Nadu, India
Madhuram Krishnamurthy Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences, Madhurantagam, Tamil Nadu, India
Naveen Kumar V. Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences, Madhurantagam, Tamil Nadu, India
Praveen Nehrudas Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences, Madhurantagam, Tamil Nadu, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20232434

Keywords:

Antibacterial, Enterococcus faecalis, Herbal irrigants

Abstract

Background: Our objective was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Acacia nilotica, Aegle marmelos herbal extracts against Enterococcus faecalis- an invitro study.

Methods: The extraction of Acacia nilotica bark powder and Aegle marmelos leaf powder was done with following three solvents (Ethanol, methanol and acetone) keeping vancomycin as a positive control. Then the study groups were assigned as follows: group I: Acacia nilotica, group II: Aegle marmelos, group III: Combination of Acacia nilotica and Aegle marmelos, group IV: vancomycin. Preparation of the E. feacalis inoculum with the help of Mueller Hinton Broth. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated by agar well diffusion assay to determine the zone of inhibition and Minimum inhibitory concentration was evaluated.

Results: Statistical analysis was performed by using one-way analysis of variance and compared by the Mann-Whitney test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 20.0. No zone of inhibition was identified for Aegle marmelos. Highest inhibitory zone against E. faecalis was seen for vancomycin (mean of 28.6 mm) followed by Acacia nilotica.

Conclusions: Among the test groups, vancomycin exhibited highest antimicrobial efficiency. Compared with the herbal extracts which was statistically significant. The use of herbal alternatives might prove to be advantageous considering the several undesirable characteristics of vancomycin.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Jhajharia K, Parolia A, Shetty KV, Mehta LK. Biofilm in endodontics: a review. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015;5(1):1-12.

Haapasalo M, Shen Y, Qian W, Gao Y. Irrigation in endodontics. Dent Clin North Am. 2010;54(2):291-312.

Parakh P. Sequence of Irrigation in Endodontics. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2019;18(6):41-3.

Zehnder M. Root canal irrigants. J Endod. 2006;32(5):389-98.

Mohammadi Z. Sodium hypochlorite in endodontics: an update review. Int Dent J. 2008;58(6).

Calişkan MK, Türkün M, Alper S. Allergy to sodium hypochlorite during root canal therapy: acase report. Int Endodont J. 1994;27(3):163-7.

Alghamdi F, Shakir M. The influence of Enterococcus faecalis as a dental root canal pathogen on endodontic treatment: a systematic review. Cureus. 2020;12(3):e7257.

Correa-Martinez CL, Tönnies H, Froböse NJ, Mellmann A, Kampmeier S. Transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the hospital setting: Uncovering the patient- environment interplay. Microorganisms. 2020;8(2):203.

Teja KV, Janani K, Jose J, Lim GS. An evidence-based discussion on herbal based root canal disinfection. Saudi Endod J. 2022;12:340-1.

Kanumuru NR, Subbaiah R. Bacterial efficacy of Ca(OH)2 Against E. faecalis compared with three dental lasers on root canal dentin- an invitro study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(11):ZC135-7.

Anupama K, Tiwari RC, Bhushan SV, Tiwari S. Bilwa (Aegle marmelos)- a review article. Int Ayurved Med J. 2020;8(2):2792-6.

Sharma N, Radha, Kumar M, Zhang B, Kumari N, Singh D, et al. Aegle marmelos (L.) correa: an underutilized fruit with high nutraceutical values: a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(18):10889.

Chandra Shekar BR, Nagarajappa R, Singh R, Thaku R. Antimicrobial efficacy of the combinations of Acacia nilotica, Murraya koenigii L. sprengel, Eucalyptus hybrid and Psidium guajava on primary plaque colonizers. J Basic Clin Pharm. 2014;5(4):115-9.

Prabhakar J, Senthilkumar M, Priya MS, Mahalakshmi K, Sehgal PK, Sukumaran VG. Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of herbal alternatives (triphala and green tea polyphenols), MTAD, and 5% sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formed on tooth substrate: an in vitro study. J Endodont. 2010;36(1):83-6.

Watson S, Cabrera‐Aguas M, Khoo P, Pratama R, Gatus BJ, Gulholm T, et al. Keratitis antimicrobial resistance surveillance program, Sydney, Australia: 2016 annual report. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;47(1):20-5.

Dutta A, Kundabala M. Comparative anti-microbial efficacy of Azadirachta indica irrigant with standard endodontic irrigants: a preliminary study. J Conserv Dent. 2014;17:133-7.

Hegde V, Kesaria D. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial activity of neem, propolis, turmeric, liquorice and sodium hypochlorite as root canal irrigants against E. faecalis and C. albicans- an in vitro study. Endodontology. 2013;25:38-45.

Giardino L, Ambu E, Savoldi E, Rimondini R, Cassanelli C, Debbia EA. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, MTAD, and Tetraclean against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. J Endod. 2007;33:852-5.

Nayak A, Ranganathan N, Sowmya GB, Kishore B, Kudalkar M. Evaluation of antibacterial and anticandidial efficacy of aqueous and alcoholic effect of neem (Azadirachta indica): an in vitro study. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm. 2011;2:230-5.