Diagnosis and management of bone cysts

Abstract

Bone cysts are benign, fluid-filled lesions primarily occurring in the metaphyseal regions of tubular and flat bones, such as the humerus and femur. These lesions are commonly seen in children and adolescents during periods of rapid bone growth. While often asymptomatic, bone cysts are typically discovered incidentally or after a pathological fracture due to weakened bone structure. Radiographic imaging plays a pivotal role in diagnosis, revealing well-defined, lytic lesions with thin cortical margins. Management of bone cysts has evolved to emphasize minimally invasive techniques, including intralesional steroid or bone marrow injections, as well as curettage with bone grafting. These approaches aim to promote healing, prevent recurrence, and restore bone integrity. In some cases, internal fixation may be required for structural support. The prognosis is generally favourable, with high rates of healing and functional recovery, especially with timely intervention.