GVAX vaccine as a treatment for pancreatic cancer: an overview of its clinical history and current immunotherapeutic outcomes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20250280Keywords:
Cancer vaccines, GVAX, Immunotherapy, Pancreatic cancerAbstract
With few available treatments and a dismal prognosis, pancreatic cancer is among the most aggressive and deadly cancers. Immunotherapy has become a potential strategy to increase anti-tumor immunity, especially cancer vaccines. GVAX, an allogeneic pancreatic cancer vaccine employing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as an immune adjuvant, has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance anti-tumor immunity. Initial trials of GVAX showed mixed results, with some patients exhibiting immune responses and prolonged survival. Subsequent studies explored combinations with chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as ipilimumab and nivolumab. While these combinations demonstrated promising immunological effects and improved clinical outcomes in some cases, the overall survival benefit has been inconsistent, especially in advanced disease stages. Recent trials are further investigating optimal combinations and dosing regimens to maximize the efficacy of GVAX-based immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. In conclusion, GVAX holds promise as a component of immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. However, further research is needed to optimize its use in combination with other therapies and to identify patient populations that may benefit most from this approach.
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