Malaria parasitaemia among the under-12 children in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20251277Keywords:
Malaria, Parasitaemia, Under-12, Akure, Ondo StateAbstract
Background: Malaria is a preventable and curable but life-threatening disease that is transmitted to humans by female Anophelis mosquitoes. It is mostly found in tropical countries. The study sets out to determine the malaria parasitaemia among children under the age of 12 years in Akure, Ondo State.
Methods: The study was a prospective, cross sectional and hospital-based where blood specimen were collected from children aged 1 day old to 12 years. Microscopy method was used to detect the malaria parasite and confirmed by nested PCR method. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Microsoft excel and the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 20.0
Results: Overall prevalence of malaria was 64.2%. The neonates had the highest prevalence of 96.8%. P. falciparum was the most predominant species (99.4%), prevalence of malaria decreases with increasing birth order but prevalence was significantly higher among children in the first birth order and lower socio-economic class. There was no significant difference between parasite intensity among gender, p=0.585. Majority of children (94.2%) were well nourished.
Conclusions: The study showed that prevalence of malaria is high in children under 12 in Ondo State. The neonates were worse hit, though with least parasite intensity. We suggest intensified and concerted effort in malaria prevention and control in the state.
Metrics
References
Federal Ministry of Health. A road map for malaria control in Nigeria, abridged version, Abuja. Strategic plan 2009-2013; Yahian Press Ltd. 2008;155.
Chuangchaiya S, Persson KEM. How Should Antibodies against P. falciparum Merozoite Antigens Be Measured? J Trop Med. 2013:493834. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/493834
Beeson JG, Drew DR, Boyle MJ, Feng G, Freya JI, Fowkes RJS. Merozoite surface proteins in red blood cell invasion, immunity and vaccines against malaria. Federation Eur Microbiolog Society Microbiol Rev. 2016;40(3):343-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuw001
William N, Ogala A, Adeola A, Orogade M, Mokuolu OA. Malaria. In: Azubuike JC, Nkaginieme KOE, Ezechukwu C, Nte AR, Adedoyin OT. (Editors). Paediatrics and Child Health in a Tropical Region 3rd ed. Educational Printing and Publishing. 2016;525-45.
Simon-Oke IA, Obimakinde T, Afolabi OJ. Prevalence and distribution of malaria, Pfcrt and Pfmdr 1 genes in patients attending FUTA Health Centre, Akure, Nigeria. Beni-Suef University J Basic Applied Sci. 2018;7:98-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.07.009
WHO. Malaria Fact Sheet, 2018. Available at: https://www.who.int/teams/globalmalariaprogramme/reports/world-malaria-report-2018. Accessed on 8 January 2025.
Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey. (NDHS 2018:305). Malaria. Available at: http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR307/FR307.pdf. Accessed on 06 January 2025.
Afolabi OJ, Oluwafemi RO, Oniya MO. Pfmdr 1 and kelch 13 genes distribution among children that are 5 years and below in Akure, Nigeria. J Parasit Dis. 2022;47(1):1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-022-01538-7
Oluwafemi RO. Clinical Profile and Short-Term Outcome of Malaria in Febrile Under-Five Children in a Secondary Health Facility. Ann Health Res. 2023;9(2):98-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30442/ahr.0902-02-195
Raosft Sample Size Calculator Software. 2004. Available at: http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html. Accessed on 01 January 2025.
Oluwafemi RO, Njokanma FO, Disu EA, Ogunlesi TA. Maternal factors in aetiology of small-for-gestional age among term Nigerian babies. Niger J Paed. 2013;40(2):119-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/njp.v40i2.3
Oluwafemi RO, Afolabi OJ, Oniya OM. Malaria Parasitemia and Preventive Measures Among Children 5 Years and below in Southwest, Nigeria. Global J Res Med Sci. 2024;4(1):96-103.
WHO. Giemsa staining of Malaria blood films. Malaria microscopy standard operating procedures- MM-SOP-07A. Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/wprodocuments/toolkit/malaria-sop/gmp-sop-07a.pdf. Accessed on 01 January 2025.
Dacie JV, Lewis SM. Preparation and staining methods for blood and bone marrow films. Laboratory aspects of blood transfusion. Practical Haematology. 9th Ed., Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh, London. 2001;471-92.
Goller CC. DNA Extraction with ZymoBIOMICS MiniPrep Kit. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.81wgbxjn1lpk/v1
Grabias B, Essuman E, Quakyi IA. Kumar S. Sensitive real-time PCR detection of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in whole blood by erythrocyte membrane protein 1 gene amplification. Malar J. 2019;18:116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2743-9
Oluwafemi RO, Afolabi OJ, Oniya MO. Prevalence of Malaria among Under-5 Children in a Secondary Care Level, Ondo State, Nigeria. Eur J Clin Med. 2024;5(2):8-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24018/clinicmed.2024.5.2.328
Nwaorgu OC, Orajaka BN. Prevalence of Malaria among Children 1-10 Years Old in Communities in Awka North Local Government Area, Anambra State South East Nigeria. Int Multidiscipl J Ethiop. 2011;5(5):264-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v5i5.21
Nwaneli EI, Eguonu I, Ebenebe JC, Osuorah CDI, Ofiaeli OC, Nri-Ezedi CA. Malaria prevalence and its sociodemographic determinants in febrile children - a hospital-based study in a developing community in South-East Nigeria. J Prev Med Hyg. 2020;4:61(2):E173-80.
Oshagbemi OA, Lopez-Romero P, Winnips C, Csemark KR, Su G, Aubrun E. Estimated distribution of malaria cases among children in sub-Saharan Africa by specified age categories using data from the Global Burden of Diseases 2019. Malar J. 2023;22(1):371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-023-04811-z
Nahum A, Erhart A, Mayé A, Ahounou D, van Overmeir C, Menten J, et al. Malaria incidence and prevalence among children living in a peri-urban area on the coast of Benin, West Africa: a longitudinal study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;83(3):465-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0611
Ghebreyesus TA, Haile M, Witten KH, Getachew A, Yohannes AM, Teklehaimanot HD, et al. Incidence of malaria among children living near dams in northern Ethiopia: community-based incidence survey. BMJ. 1999;319(7211):663-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7211.663
Touré M, Keita M, Kané F, Sanogo D, Kanté S, Konaté D, et al. Trends in malaria epidemiological factors following the implementation of current control strategies in Dangassa, Mali. Malaria J. 2022;21(1):65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04058-0
Kouamé RM, Guglielmo F, Abo K, Ouattara AF, Chabi J, Sedda L, et al. Education and Socio-economic status are key factors influencing use of insecticides and malaria knowledge in rural farmers in Southern Côte d’Ivoire. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):2443. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14446-5
Obu HA, Ibe BC. Neonatal malaria in Gambia. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2011;1(1):45-54.
Kangoye DT, Nebie I, Yaro J-B, Debe S, Traore S, Ouedraog O, et al. Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Children Aged 0-2 Years: The Role of Foetal Haemoglobin and Maternal Antibodies to Two Asexual Malaria Vaccine Candidates (MSP3 and GLURP). PLoS ONE. 2014;9(9):e107965. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107965
Amaratunga C, Lopera-Mesa TM, Brittain NJ, Cholera R, Arie T, Fujioka H, et al. A role for fetal hemoglobin and maternal immune IgG in infant resistance to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. PLoS One. 2011;6(4):e14798. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014798
Quaresima V, Agbenyega T, Oppong B, Awunyo JADA, Adu Adomah P, Enty E, et al. Are Malaria Risk Factors Based on Gender? A Mixed-Methods Survey in an Urban Setting in Ghana. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2021;26(3):161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030161
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
