Unpacking ketogenic diet impact on diabetes: a systematic review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20251424Keywords:
Non-communicable disease, Ketogenic diet, Cardiovascular disease, Lipid metabolism, Neurological hazards, Diabetes-mellitusAbstract
This study used a literature review of various studies to examine the effects of VLC/KD on the level of glycated haemoglobin, body weight, blood sugar, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular, renal, and neurological hazards in people with pre-diabetes or T2D. A thorough review of the literature was done with the assistance of expert librarians utilizing internet-based databases (Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library). To provide a comprehensive overview of the study categories, methods, participants, the impact of the ketogenic diet on individuals with diabetes mellitus, and results, the gathered data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. According to review findings, the ketogenic diet considerably improves lipid profiles, glycaemic management, and weight loss when compared to controls. These results highlight the need to emphasise the significance of higher fibre, foods with a low glycaemic index, like legumes, vegetables and fruits, and entire grain cereals, as well as the replacement of monounsaturated fat sources for the consumption of saturated fat sources of information, in energy-balanced conditions, among individuals with diabetes.
Metrics
References
Alarim RA, Alasmre FA, Alotaibi HA, Alshehri MA, Hussain SA. Effects of the ketogenic diet on glycemic control in diabetic patients: meta-analysis of clinical trials. Cureus. 2020;12(10):78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10796
Karolina R, Mateusz P, Karolina Z, Martyna L, Katarzyna N, Przemysław R. The ketogenic diet in the treatment of diabetes type 2. J Edu Health Sport. 2022;12(7):92-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.009
Tinguely D, Gross J, Kosinski C. Efficacy of Ketogenic Diets on Type 2 Diabetes: a Systematic Review. Curr Diabetes Rep. 2021;21(32):89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-021-01399-z
Kumar S, Behl T, Sachdeva M, Sehgal A, Kumari S, Kumar A, et al. Implicating the effect of ketogenic diet as a preventive measure to obesity and diabetes mellitus. Life sciences. 2021;264:118661.
Shilpa J, Mohan V. Ketogenic diets: Boon or bane. Indian J Med Res. 2018;148:251–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1666_18
Dashti HM, Mathew TC, Al-Zaid NS. Efficacy of Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Med Princ Pract. 2021;30(3):223-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000512142
Huntriss R, Campbell M, Bedwell C. The interpretation and effect of a low-carbohydrate diet in the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018;72(3):311-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-017-0019-4
Van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Kuijpers T, Pijl H. Effects of low-carbohydrate- compared with low-fat-diet interventions on metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review including GRADE assessments. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108(2):300-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy096
Sainsbury E, Kizirian NV, Partridge SR, Gill T, Colagiuri S, Gibson AA. Effect of dietary carbohydrate restriction on glycemic control in adults with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;139:239-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.026
Snorgaard O, Poulsen GM, Andersen HK, Astrup A. Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017;5(1):354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000354
Singh M, Hung ES, Cullum A, et al. Lower carbohydrate diets for adults with type 2 diabetes. Br J Nutr. 2021;127(9):1352-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114521002373
Li S, Lin G, Chen J, Chen Z, Xu F, Zhu F, Zhang J, Yuan S. The effect of a periodic ketogenic diet on newly diagnosed overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes. BMC endocrine disorders. 2022;22(1):1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-022-00947-2
Rafiullah M, Musambil M, David SK. Effect of a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet vs recommended diets in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2022;80(3):488-502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuab040
Lichtash C, Fung J, Ostoich KC, et al. BMJ Case Rep 2020;13:234223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-234223
Kumar S, Behl T, Sachdeva M, Sehgal A, Kumari S, Kumar A, Kaur G, Yadav HN, Bungau S. Implicating the effect of ketogenic diet as a preventive measure to obesity and diabetes mellitus. Life sciences. 2021;264:118661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118661
Schneider S, Biggerstaff DL, Barber TM. Helpful or harmful? The impact of the ketogenic diet on eating disorder outcomes in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Expert Review Endocrinol Metabol. 2022;17(4):319-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17446651.2022.2089112
Zhou C, Wang M, Liang J, He G, Chen N. Ketogenic diet benefits to weight loss, glycemic control, and lipid profiles in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trails. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(16):10429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610429
Goday A, Bellido D, Sajoux I, Crujeiras AB, Burguera B, García-Luna PP, et al. Short-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of a very low-calorie-ketogenic diet interventional weight loss program versus hypocaloric diet in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Diab. 2016;6(9):230-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nutd.2016.36
Versha, Jangra Y, Sharma L, Meher A, Tare H. The Role of Ketogenic Diet in the Management of Diabetes and Overcome its Effect: A Review. International J Pharma Qual Assur. 2023;14(1):220-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.14.1.38
Wong K, Raffray M, Roy-Fleming A, Blunden S, Brazeau AS. Ketogenic diet as a normal way of eating in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study. Canadian J Diab. 2021;45(2):137-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.06.016
Choi YJ, Jeon SM, Shin S. Impact of a ketogenic diet on metabolic parameters in patients with obesity or overweight and with or without type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072005
Saslow LR, Daubenmier JJ, Moskowitz JT, Kim S, Murphy EJ, Phinney SD. Twelve-month outcomes of a randomized trial of a moderate-carbohydrate versus very low-carbohydrate diet in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes. Nutrition & Diab. 2017;7(12):304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-017-0006-9
Myette-Côté É, Durrer C, Neudorf H, Bammert TD, Botezelli JD, Johnson JD, DeSouza CA, Little JP. The effect of a short-term low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with or without postmeal walks on glycemic control and inflammation in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Am J Physiol-Regulatory Integr Comp Physiol. 2018;315(6):1210-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00240.2018
Tay J, Thompson CH, Luscombe‐Marsh ND, Wycherley TP, Noakes M, Buckley JD, et al. Effects of an energy‐restricted low‐carbohydrate, high unsaturated fat/low saturated fat diet versus a high‐carbohydrate, low‐fat diet in type 2 diabetes: a 2‐year randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Obes Metabol. 2018;20(4):858-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13164
Lee YM, Kim SA, Lee IK, Kim JG, Park KG, Jeong JY, et al. Effect of a Brown Rice Based Vegan Diet and Conventional Diabetic Diet on Glycaemic Control of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 12-Week Randomized Clinical Trial. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):155918. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155918
Ren M, Zhang H, Qi J, Hu A, Jiang Q, Hou Y, et al. An almond-based low carbohydrate diet improves depression and glycometabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes through modulating gut microbiota and GLP-1: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):3036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103036
Vitale M, Masulli M, Calabrese I, Rivellese A, Bonora E, Signorini S, et al. Impact of a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and Its Components on Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Glucose Control, and Body Weight in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Real-Life Study. Nutr. 2018;10(8):1067. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10081067
Gardner CD, Landry MJ, Perelman D, Petlura C, Durand LR, Aronica L, et al. Effect of a ketogenic diet versus Mediterranean diet on glycated haemoglobin in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The interventional Keto-Med randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;116(3):640-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac154
Li C, Sadraie B, Steckhan N, Kessler C, Stange R, Jeitler M, et al. Effects of one-week fasting therapy in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome–A randomized controlled explorative study. Experimen Clin Endocrinol Diab. 2017;125(9):618-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-101700
O’Neill BJ. Effect of low-carbohydrate diets on cardiometabolic risk, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diab Obes. 2020;27(5):301-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000569
Unwin D, Unwin J, Crocombe D, Delon C, Guess N, Wong C. Renal function in patients following a low carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes: a review of the literature and analysis of routine clinical data from a primary care service over 7 years. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabet Obes. 2021;28(5):469-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000658
Bai L, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Ma J. The role of a ketogenic diet in the treatment of dementia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrients. 2023;15(8):1971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081971
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
