Correlation between pronated foot posture, movement quality and postural stability among college students: a pilot study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20253590Keywords:
FPI-6, FMS, Pronated foot posture, Flamingo balance test, Y-balance testAbstract
Background: Postural control and movement mechanics are significantly influenced by foot position. Pronated foot posture has been associated with reduced movement quality and impaired balance. It is characterized by medial arch collapse and foot eversion. College students may be more prone to these musculoskeletal abnormalities as a result of their lifestyle choices and extended periods of inactivity.
Methods: The 22 college students between the ages of 18 and 25 participated in a pilot cross-sectional study. The Flamingo balance test (FBT) was used to test static balance, the Y-balance test (YBT) was used to measure dynamic balance, the foot posture index-6 (FPI-6) was used to measure foot posture, and the functional movement screen (FMS) was used to evaluate movement quality. The association between postural stability, movement quality, and pronated foot posture was ascertained using Pearson's correlation coefficient.
Results: FPI-6 showed a strong negative correlation with FMS (r=-0.72, p<0.001 right; r=-0.599, p=0.003 left) and static balance (r=-0.75, p<0.001 right; r=-0.55, p=0.008 left). No significant correlation was observed with dynamic balance (p>0.05). FMS was positively correlated with static balance (r=0.648, p=0.001 right; r=0.621, p=0.002 left) but not with dynamic balance (p>0.05).
Conclusions: The study found that college students who have pronated foot posture have considerably worse static and dynamic balance as well as lower movement quality. Early detection and foot posture-focused remedial measures may enhance functional results and avert further musculoskeletal problems.
Metrics
References
Azevedo RR, Figueiredo LFP, da Silva SR, Lima VP. Impact of foot posture on postural control and lower limb function: A cross-sectional study in young adults. Gait Posture. 2020;81:212-8.
Buldt AK, Murley GS, Butterworth P, Levinger P, Menz HB, Landorf KB. Foot posture and its relationship to lower limb kinematics and kinetics: A systematic review. J Foot Ankle Res. 2022;15(1):14.
Neal BS, Griffiths IB, Dowling GJ, Murley GS, Munteanu SE, Franettovich Smith MM, et al. Foot posture as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(18):1079-87.
Menz HB, Dufour AB, Riskowski JL, Hillstrom HJ, Hannan MT. Foot posture, foot function and low back pain: The Framingham Foot Study. J GerontolA Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(12):1545-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/ket298
Levinger P, Murley GS, Barton CJ, Cotchett MP, McSweeney SR, Menz HB. A comparison of foot kinematics in people with normal- and flat-arched feet using the Oxford Foot Model. Gait Posture. 2010;32(4):519-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.07.013
Zhang X, Li B, Wang L, Dong J, Sun L, Zhang Y. Association between foot posture and functional movement in athletes. J Sports Sci. 2021;39(8):887-95.
Redmond AC, Crosbie J, Ouvrier RA. Development and validation of a novel rating system for scoring standing foot posture: The Foot Posture Index. Clin Biomech. 2006;21(1):89-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.08.002
Pohl MB, Messenger N, Buckley JG. Changes in foot and lower limb coupling due to systematic variations in step width. Gait Posture. 2010;32(4):441-5.
Vinther A, Junge A, Dvorak J, Aagaard P. Foot morphology, foot function and injury risk in elite football players: a prospective cohort study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2021;31(1):225-34.
Landorf KB, Kaminski TW, Menz HB, Murley GS. Foot function and injury risk: Exploring the evidence. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2021;51(3):121-3.
Cook G, Burton L, Hoogenboom B, Voight M. Functional movement screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function-Part 1. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2014;9(5):549-63.
Dorrel B, Long T, Shaffer S, Myer GD. The Functional Movement Screen as a predictor of injury in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015;10(5):647-58.
Smith CA, Chimera NJ, Warren M. Association of Y Balance Test reach asymmetry and injury in collegiate athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015;10(5):560-7.
Lee DR, Kim L, Kim TH. Effects of foot posture on functional movement and dynamic balance in college students. J Exerc Rehabil. 2020;16(1):36-41.
Karacabey K, Saygin Ö, Özdağ S, Mavi HF, Gültekin T. The relationship between balance performance and anaerobic power in adolescent athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2005;19(1):145-8.
Shaffer SW, Teyhen DS, Lorenson CL, Warren RL, Koreerat CM, Straseske CA, Childs JD. Y-balance test: Reliability and association with lower limb injury in naval midshipmen. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(4):1155-62.
Plisky PJ, Rauh MJ, Kaminski TW, Underwood FB. Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36(5):241-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2006.2244
Taspinar F, Kabayel DD, Atalay NS, Torun S, Ozkul C, Atalay O. Assessment of balance in flatfooted and normal-footed individuals. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil. 2019;65(4):368-73.
Gribble PA, Hertel J, Plisky P. Using the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural-control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: A literature and systematic review. J Athl Train. 2012;47(3):339-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.3.08
Kandil FI, Hussein AMA, Abdelkader NA. Foot pronation and its effect on balance performance in young adults: A cross-sectional study. Int J Rehabil Res. 2022;45(2):170-6.
Mohammad Hosein E, Hamed H, Parisa R, Zahra M. Effects of foot pronation on ankle proprioception and balance in healthy young adults: A cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24(1):112.
Souza TR, Pinto RZ, Trede RG, Kirkwood RN, Fonseca ST. Late rearfoot eversion and changes in knee adduction moment during gait in subjects with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome. Clin Biomech. 2021;83:105288.
Ribeiro AP, João SMA, Dinato RC, Misu M, Sacco ICN. Effect of foot alignment on postural control and muscle activation in individuals with and without flat feet. Phys Ther Sport. 2022;57:44-51.
Eguchi A, Maruyama T, Takahashi T, Yamada K. Foot posture characteristics and postural stability in university students: A comparative study. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2023;36(2):327-34.
Kim KH, Kim TH. Impact of abnormal foot posture on dynamic balance and functional movement in university students. J Exerc Rehabil. 2024;20(1):1-8.
Kothari A, Dixon PC, Stebbins J, Zavatsky AB, Theologis TN. The relationship between static foot posture and foot mobility in healthy adults. J Foot Ankle Res. 2023;16(1):10.
Santos MJ, Oliveira TP, Sousa MF, Ramos NK, Ribeiro F. Reliability and validity of single-leg stance tests for assessing postural control in young adults. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2023;37:194-9.
Shaffer SW, Teyhen DS, Lorenson CL, Warren RL, Koreerat CM, Straseske CA, Childs JD. Y-balance test: Reliability and association with lower limb injury in naval midshipmen. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(4):1155-62.
Garcia NG, Salazar AM, Fernandez MM, Reyes JR. Static balance deficits in college athletes with pronated foot posture. Clin Biomech. 2023;98:105596.
Ramos Lopez AR, Morales BR, Perez CF, Alvarez GA. Impact of foot posture on postural sway and proprioception in healthy adults. J Foot Ankle Res. 2024;17:22.
Turner KM, Lewis JS, Keenan A-M, Richards J. Functional movement and dynamic balance in pronated versus neutral feet among healthy young adults. Phys Ther Sport. 2022;55:30-6.
Lerner A, Kolboubi B, Levin O. Correlations between functional movement screen and static stability in young adults. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2023;63(4):456-63.
Patel V, Sharma R, Singh Y. Effects of movement quality interventions on balance and functional movement in university students. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2024;19(2):112-21.
Morales Rubio C, Mendez Ortiz L, Beltran Gallegos MA. Intrinsic foot muscle training improves foot posture and static balance: A randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther Sport. 2022;54:223-31.
Lee CY, Choomchuay A, Bowker P. Comparative effects of intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle training on balance and functional movement. Foot Ankle Int. 2023;44(1):45-52.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
