An integrative perspective on urine analysis: from humoural theory to biomarkers

Mohammad Shamsul Huda; Saiyeda Zainab Fatima; Irfan Ahmad; Arshad Kafi; Ahmad Zeeshan

doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20254404

Authors

Mohammad Shamsul Huda Department of Mahiyatul Amraz (Pathology), State Unani Medical College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
Saiyeda Zainab Fatima Department of Ilmul Atfal (Paediatrics), State Unani Medical College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
Irfan Ahmad Department of Mahiyatul Amraz (Pathology), State Unani Medical College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
Arshad Kafi Department of Mahiyatul Amraz (Pathology), State Unani Medical College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ahmad Zeeshan Department of Mahiyatul Amraz (Pathology), State Unani Medical College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20254404

Keywords:

Urine examination, Urinalysis, Mu‘āyana’-i-bawl, Tashkhīṣ, Qārūra, Mahiyatul amraz

Abstract

Urine examination has served as an essential diagnostic tool across civilizations, reflecting the evolution of medical understanding from traditional to modern systems. In Unani medicine, Mu‘āyana’-i-Qārūra (Urine analysis) was a key diagnostic approach based on the Naẓariyya’-i-Akhlāṭ (humoural theory), aimed at identifying imbalances in the body’s temperament (Mizāj). Unani physicians meticulously observed features such as color, odor, clarity, froth, and sedimentation to interpret the state of humours and organ function, forming the basis for individualized treatment. In contrast, modern medicine employs advanced laboratory investigations, chemical assays, and imaging modalities to assess urinary composition and pathology with precision. This paper explores the historical context, methodologies, and diagnostic philosophy of urine examination in the Unani system, comparing them with contemporary scientific techniques. Integrating the personalized and qualitative diagnostic principles of Unani medicine with the quantitative precision of modern science may contribute to improved diagnostic accuracy and promote a more holistic, evidence-based approach to patient care.

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