Concept of Umoor-e-tabiya in pediatric physiology: an integrative review of al-Arkān, al-Mizāj and Akhlāṭ

Abstract

The Unani system of medicine conceptualizes human physiology through a set of seven fundamental natural principles known as Umūr Ṭabī‘iyya (Umoor-e-tabiya), which govern growth, development, and maintenance of health. Childhood represents a unique physiological phase characterized by rapid growth, high metabolic activity, and distinct constitutional attributes, yet the interpretation of Umūr Ṭabī‘iyya in the context of modern pediatric physiology remains inadequately explored. This review aims to critically examine the Unani concepts of al-Arkān (elements), al-Mizāj (temperament), and Akhlāṭ (humours) and interpret their relevance to pediatric physiological processes. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for contemporary biomedical literature, alongside classical Unani texts and authoritative reference works, focusing on pediatric physiology, growth, metabolism, and constitutional assessment. Relevant data were extracted and synthesized using a narrative and integrative approach, correlating classical Unani principles with established concepts in modern pediatric science. The review demonstrates that the Unani designation of childhood as a Ḥārr Raṭb (hot and moist) state closely parallels modern understanding of elevated basal metabolic rate, high total body water content, tissue plasticity, and developmental homeostasis in children. The humoral predominance of Dam and Balgham is shown to correspond with contemporary insights into pediatric hematology, immunity, and fluid physiology. This integrative synthesis supports the view that Umūr Ṭabī‘iyya represents an early systems-based physiological framework that remains conceptually relevant to modern pediatrics. Incorporating these principles may enrich integrative pediatric assessment, education, and individualized healthcare approaches.