The role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of cutaneous diseases: a comprehensive review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20263138Keywords:
DNA methylation, Non-coding RNA, Histone chemical alterations, Skin diseasesAbstract
Epigenetics has recently emerged as a highly innovative and dynamic area of study within dermatology. This field concentrates on modifications to gene expression that occur without altering the underlying DNA sequence. These altered expressions were initiated by environmental influences and lifestyle choices, and play a fundamental role in both the onset and progression of numerous dermatological disorders. This article aims to delineate the essential roles that epigenetic modifications play in driving the pathogenesis of diverse dermatological disorders, as well as to highlight their clinical applications within current skin research. A comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted to elucidate the role of epigenetic perturbations in driving skin disease pathogenesis, illustrate cutaneous responses to environmental stimuli, and evaluate therapeutic trials aimed at reversing these epigenetic shifts. This article comprehensively outlines the pivotal role of epigenetic modifications; specifically, DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA pathways, in the pathogenesis of various dermatological disorders. Epigenetics offers a promising paradigm shift toward targeted interventions for traditionally imprecise dermatological treatments. The sheer multiplicity and redundancy of disease-associated epigenetic modifications frequently bottleneck therapeutic innovation. Overcoming this barrier requires a transition from symptomatic management to personalized medicine that can precisely reset disease-driving epigenetic switches.
Metrics
References
Chen C, Zeng J, Lu J. Critical role of epigenetic modification in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2023;89(5):700-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25259/IJDVL_298_2021
Kim J, Detmar M: Stromal cells and epigenetics: emerging key players of chronic inflammatory skin diseases. BMB Rep. 2024;57(11):465-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5483/BMBRep.2024-0039
Wang H, Dang T, Feng J, Wu W, He L, Yang J. Identification of differentially methylated genes for severe acne by genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression analysis. Epigenetics. 2023;18(1):2199373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15592294.2023.2199373
Olejnik-Wojciechowska J, Dominika B, Aleksandra WB, Klaudia R, Piotr O, Magdalena B, et al. The Role of Epigenetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(7):3831. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073831
Liu R, Zhang L, Zhang K. Histone modification in psoriasis: Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Exp Dermatol. 2024;33(8):e15151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.15151
Ma S, Zhang Y. Profiling chromatin regulatory landscape: insights into the development of ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq. Mol Biomed. 2020;1:9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43556-020-00009-w
Zhou L, Jin Y, Li Z, Dong H, Jin Y. Targeting lncRNA DSCAM-AS1 for disease diagnosis and therapy. Noncoding RNA Res. 2026:19:18-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncrna.2026.03.001
Franzago M, Cavallo P, Borrelli P, D'Adamo E, Di Tizio L, Gazzolo D, et al. Placental microRNAs as molecular links between maternal metabolic health and neonatal outcomes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2026;36(7):104619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2026.104619
Juárez-Vicuña Y, Ruiz-Ojeda D, González-Ramírez J, Flores-Balderas X, Springall R, Sánchez-Muñoz F, et al. LncRNA MALAT1 in Keratinocyte function: A review of recent advances. Noncoding RNA Res. 2024;9(2):594-601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncrna.2024.01.021
Sahoo K, Sundararajan V. Methods in DNA methylation array dataset analysis: A review. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2024;23:2304-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2024.05.015
Makridou A, Elemes DI, Liakou ME, Theotokis P, Gargani S, Vakirlis E, et al. Epigenetic Therapies for Inflammatory and Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases. Biomedicines. 2026;14(2):373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14020373
Kim J, He Y, Tormen S, Kleindienst P, Luca L, Restivo G, et al. The p300/CBP inhibitor A485 normalizes psoriatic fibroblast gene expression in vitro and reduces psoriasis-like skin inflammation in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. 2022;143:431-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2022.09.004
Zhang H, Li D, Zhu L, Yan H, Yang L, Yang X, et al. Multi omics and their integration in psoriasis research (Review). Mol Med Rep. 2026;33(5):142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13852
Zhang H, Jia T, Che D, Peng B, Chu Z, Song X, et al. Decreased TET2/5-hmC reduces the integrity of the epidermal barrier via epigenetic dysregulation of filaggrin in psoriatic lesions. J Dermatol Sci. 2024;113(3):103-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2024.01.004
Chen Y, Xiang Y, Miao X, Kuai L, Ding X, Ma T, et al. METTL14 promotes IL-6-induced viability, glycolysis and inflammation in HaCaT cells via the m6A modification of TRIM27. J Cell Mol Med. 2024;28(3):e18085. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.18085
Meng Q, Liu Y, Yao L, Ma Z, Guo L, Hu T, et al. Serine deficiency exacerbates psoriatic skin inflammation by regulating S-adenosyl methionine-dependent DNA methylation and NF-κB signalling activation in keratinocytes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2024;38(1):145-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.19492
Leng R, Zhang J, Du C, Ye J, Zhao Y, Hu W, et al. Unraveling the Link between Air Pollution and Psoriasis Subtypes: Genetic Architecture of Epigenetic Insights and Mediating Cytokines. Environ Sci Technol. 2025;59(30):15637-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c01573
Reolid A, Muñoz-Aceituno E, Abad-Santos F, Ovejero-Benito M, Daudén E. Epigenetics in Non-tumor Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases. Mol Diagn Ther. 2021;25(2):137-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40291-020-00507-1
Singh H, Jha H, Taliyan R. Regulatory roles of microRNAs in epigenetic and immune gene networks in psoriasis. Gene. 2026:990:150081. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2026.150081
Higashi Y, Yamakuchi M, Ibusuki A, Okubo A, Fukushige T, Hashiguchi T, et al. Neutrophil-Derived MicroRNA-1290 Promotes Keratinocyte Proliferation in Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2024;144(7):1471-8.e6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2023.10.042
Danis J, Széll M. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Psoriasis: A Comprehensive Review of Expression Profiles, Mechanistic Insights, Genetic Associations, and Their Clinical Implications. Noncoding RNA. 2025;11(5):69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ncrna11050069
Alhetheli G, Al-Dhubaibi M, Bahaj S, AbdElneam A. Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism ApaI as a Predisposing Factor for Psoriasis and Its Relation with Serum Vitamin D Levels and Psoriasis Severity. Cureus. 2022;14(12):e32715.
Papa V, Pomi FL, Minciullo PL, Borgia F, Gangemi S. Skin Disorders and Osteoporosis: Unraveling the Interplay Between Vitamin D, Microbiota, and Epigenetics Within the Skin-Bone Axis. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;26(1):179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26010179
Liu P, Cui L, Peng G, Han X. Molecular insights into the role of vitamin D in atopic dermatitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and emerging therapies. Front Immunol. 2026:17:1739412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1739412
Wang J, Huang Y, Wu X, Li D. MicroRNA-939 amplifies Staphylococcus aureus- induced matrix metalloproteinase expression in atopic dermatitis. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1354154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1354154
Khosrojerdi M, Azad F, Yadegari Y, Ahanchian H, Azimian A. The role of microRNAs in atopic dermatitis. Noncoding RNA Res. 2024;9(4):1033-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncrna.2024.05.012
Fujishiro A, Vecchio SL, Giordano R, Yosipovitch G, Arendt-Nielsen L. Epigenetic Modification in Preclinical and Clinical Dermatological Itch Conditions. Eur J Pain. 2026;30(2):e70214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.70214
Jeremian R, Malinowski A, Oh E, Gooderham M, Sibbald C, Yeung J, et al. Epigenetic and biological age acceleration in children with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob. 2024;3(3):100275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacig.2024.100275
Gorzkiewicz M, Łoś-Rycharska E, Gawryjołek J, Gołębiewski M, Krogulska A, Grzybowski T. The methylation profile of IL4, IL5, IL10, IFNG and FOXP3 associated with environmental exposures differed between Polish infants with the food allergy and/or atopic dermatitis and without the disease. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1209190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1209190
Eliza Lim YY, Sio Y, Say Y, Reginald K, Chew F. Deep intronic 9q21.11 polymorphism contributes to atopic dermatitis risk through methylation regulated expression of tight junction protein 2. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2023;NA.
Zhong Y, Huang T, Li X, Luo P, Zhang B. GSDMD suppresses keratinocyte differentiation by inhibiting FLG expression and attenuating KCTD6-mediated HDAC1 degradation in atopic dermatitis. PeerJ. 2024;12:e16768. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16768
Roh YJ, Park KY, Koo NY, Choi YH, Song HW, Sung SW, et al. Effect of Particulate Matter in Atopic Dermatitis through HDACs and Filaggrin Alteration. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025;35:e2502047. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2502.02047
He H, Wang T. Vitiligo and Epigenetics: From Pathogenesis to Clinical Applications. Exp Dermatol. 2025;34(11):e70178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.70178
Wang Y, Zheng X. Epigenetic downregulation of MAPKAPK2 exacerbates oxidative stress-induced damage in vitiligo melanocyte cell line model. Front Med (Lausanne). 2026;13:1698091. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1698091
Zhang C, Guo W, Wang S, Di Y, Wu D. Peripheral Blood of Vitiligo Patients-Derived Exosomal MiR-21-5p Inhibits Melanocytes Melanogenesis via Targeting SATB1. Iran J Public Health. 2022;51(12):2706-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i12.11461
Wang X, Wu Y, Du P, Xu L, Chen Y, Li J, et al. Study on the Mechanism of miR-125b-5p Affecting Melanocyte Biological Behavior and Melanogenesis in Vitiligo through Regulation of MITF. Dis Markers. 2022;2022:6832680. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6832680
Wei Y, Zhou T, Pan R, Nie X, Liu Z, Shi Z, et al. Exosomes containing miR-1469 regulate natural killer cells by targeting CD122 in non-segmental vitiligo. J Dermatol Sci. 2024;113(2):42-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.12.006
Zhao C, Wang D, Wang X, Mao Y, Xu Z, Sun Y, et al. Down-regulation of exosomal miR-200c derived from keratinocytes in vitiligo lesions suppresses melanogenesis. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24(20):12164-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.15864
Lee EJ, Kim J, Yeo J, Park S, Bae Y, Kwon I, et al. ISG15-USP18 Dysregulation by Oxidative Stress Promotes IFN-γ Secretion from CD8+ T Cells in Vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol. 2024;144(2):273-83.e11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2023.08.006
Chen J, Wang Y, Dai W, Xu X, Ni Q, Yi X, et al. Oxidative stress-induced hypermethylation and low expression of ANXA2R: Novel insights into the dysfunction of melanocytes in vitiligo. J Dermatol Sci. 2024;114(3):115-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2024.02.009
Li Q, Yang M, Chen K, Zhou S, Zhou S, Wu H. Tight correlation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine expression with the scarring damage of discoid lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2022;31(11):1306-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/09612033221114761
Deng Q, Zou P, Du P, Shi Y, Pi Z, Xiao Y, et al. Overexpressed perforin contributes to the melanocyte destruction via epigenetic regulation in patients with vitiligo. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;114:109574. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109574
Coit P, Roopnarinesingh X, Ortiz-Fernández L, McKinnon-Maksimowicz K, Lewis E, McCune M, et al. Hypomethylation of miR-17-92 cluster in lupus T cells and no significant role for genetic factors in the lupus-associated DNA methylation signature. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81(10):1428-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-222656
Klein B, Nguyen NTK, Moallemian R, Kahlenberg M. Keratinocytes-Amplifiers of Immune Responses in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2024;27(1):1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-024-01168-3
Feng D, Zhao H, Wang Q, Wu J, Ouyang L, Jia S, et al. Aberrant H3K4me3 modification of immune response genes in CD4+ T cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;130:111748. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111748
Zhao C, Zhang Y, -Guo J, Wang J, Wang C, Song Z, et al. Long non-coding RNA H19 contributes to M1 macrophage polarization mediated inflammation via miR-145-5p-PAI-1 axis in systemic lupus erythematosus Autoimmunity. 2026;59(1):2649582. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08916934.2026.2649582
Cao N, Wang L, Wang Y, Jiang X. LncRNA NEAT1 in skin disorders: Pathophysiological insights and emerging therapeutic strategies Chin Med J (Engl). 2026;139(2):200-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000003899
Zhang W, Liu W, Zhou Y, Shen X, Wang Y, Tang G. Altered microRNA expression profile with miR-27b down-regulation correlated with disease activity of oral lichen planus. Oral Dis. 2012;18(3):265-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01869.x
Shen Z, Du G, Zhou Z, Liu W, Shi L, Xu H. Aberrant expression of interleukin-22 and its targeting microRNAs in oral lichen planus: a preliminary study. J Oral Pathol Med. 2016;45(7):523-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12404
Mehdipour M, Shahidi M, Manifar S, Jafari S, Abbas F, Barati M, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic relevance of salivary microRNA-21, -125a, -31 and -200a levels in patients with oral lichen planus-a short report. Cell Oncol (Dordr). 2018;41(3):329-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-018-0372-x
Sánchez-Siles M, Aliaga-Sánchez A, Medina S, Adoamnei E, Fernández-Ruiz JA, Pelegrín-Hernández JP, et al. Genotyping of the C>T allele of rs16906252, predictor of O16-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status, in erosive atrophic lesions of oral lichen planus. Int J Dermatol. 2019;58(9):1078-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.14473
Neinaa YME, Mohamed D, Ali S, Gaballah H, El-Tatawy R. YAP1 Expression in Lichen Planus and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Role in Disease Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Target. Am J Dermatopathol. 2022;44(5):348-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/DAD.0000000000002152
Chiu Y, Su Y, Yang C, Liu C, Chen Y, Cheng H, et al. Is OLP potentially malignant? A clue from ZNF582 methylation. Oral Dis. 2023;29(3):1282-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.14120
Peng L, Nie S, Sun Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Liu Z. Unraveling the causal association of epigenetic age acceleration with common oral diseases and its underlying mechanisms: findings from Mendelian randomization and integrative genetic analysis. Clin Epigenetics. 2025;17(1):189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-025-02005-9
Setién-Olarra A, Marichalar-Mendia X, Fernández-Pacheco J, Fernández-Barriales-López M, Gainza-Cirauqui M, Aguirre-Urizar J. Validation of microRNA expression profile in Oral Lichenoid Disease through cytological samples. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2019;24(5):e610-e4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.23020
Chujo T, Yoshida K, Takai R, Uehara O, Matsuoka H, Morikawa T, et al. Analysis of DNA methylation of E-cadherin and p16ink4a in oral lichen planus/oral lichenoid lesions. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2021;7(2):205-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cre2.355
Solé-Boldo L, Raddatz G, Gutekunst J, Gilliam O, Bormann F, Liberio M, et al. Differentiation-related epigenomic changes define clinically distinct keratinocyte cancer subclasses. Mol Syst Biol. 2022;18(9):e11073. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15252/msb.202211073
Masalha M, Meningher T, Mizrahi A, Barzilai A, Tabibian-Keissar H, Gur-Wahnon D, et al. MiR-199a-3p Induces Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition of Keratinocytes by Targeting RAP2B. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(23):15401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315401
Ürün YG, Budak M, Keskin E: Methylation status, mRNA and protein expression of the SMAD4 gene in patients with non-melanocytic skin cancers. Mol Biol Rep. 2023;50(9):7295-304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08656-2
Boutros A, Carosio R, Campanella D, Banelli B, Morabito A, Pistillo M, et al. Association between PD-1 single nucleotide gene variants and the risk of metastatic melanoma. Arch Dermatol Res. 2024;316(7):414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-024-03034-9
Folpe A, Tetzlaff M, Billings S, Torres-Mora J, Borowsky A, Santiago T, et al. Superficial Neurocristic EWSR1:FLI1 Fusion Tumor: A Distinctive, Clinically Indolent, S100 Protein/SOX10-Positive Neoplasm. Mod Pathol. 2024;37(8):100537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100537
Freyter BM, Mutaz A Abd Al-Razaq 1, Markus Hecht 1, Christian Rübe 1, Claudia E Rübe 1. Studies on Human Cultured Fibroblasts and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas Suggest That Overexpression of Histone Variant H2A.J Promotes Radioresistance and Oncogenic Transformation. Genes (Basel). 2024;15(7):851. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15070851
Sun Y, Zou D, Li X, Wang X, Feng J, Liu J, et al. Multi-omics analysis reveals the crosstalk of epigenetic regulatory networks in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression. J Transl Med. 2025;23(1):1281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-025-07262-z
Hrycaj S, Chan MP, Venneti S, Harms KL, Harms PW. Diagnostic Utility and Clinicopathologic Associations of Histone H3 Lysine 27 Trimethylation (H3K27me3) Immunohistochemistry for Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2026;39(1):100945. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.modpat.2025.100945
Gay-Mimbrera J, Aguilar-Luque M, Gómez-Arias PJ, Rivera-Ruiz I, Gómez-García F, Juan-Cencerrado M, et al. Circulating MicroRNA Signatures in Severe Alopecia Areata: Diagnostic Discrimination, Pathway Analysis, and Therapeutic Implications. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb); 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202505.0857.v2
Alhetheli G, Al-Dhubaibi M, Bahaj S, AbdElneam A. Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism ApaI as a Predisposing Factor for Psoriasis and Its Relation with Serum Vitamin D Levels and Psoriasis Severity. Cureus. 2022;14(12):e32715. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.32715
Wang J, Ma Y, Li T, Li J, Yang X, Hua G, et al. MiR-199a-3p Regulates the PTPRF/β-Catenin Axis in Hair Follicle Development: Insights into the Pathogenic Mechanism of Alopecia Areata. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(24):17632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417632
Erfan R, Shaker O, Khalil M, Hassan A, Abu-El-Azayem A, Samy A, et al. LncRNA NEAT1 and miRNA 101 as potential diagnostic biomarkers in patients with alopecia areata. Noncoding RNA Res. 2024;10:35-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncrna.2024.08.005
Liu X, Xi R, Du X, Wang Y, Cheng L, Yan G, et al. DNA methylation of microRNA-365-1 induces apoptosis of hair follicle stem cells by targeting DAP3. Noncoding RNA Res. 2024;9(3):901-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncrna.2024.03.001
AbdElneam AI, Al-Dhubaibi M, Bahaj S, Mohammed G, Atef L. The role of hsa-miR-193a-5p as an important factor for control of inositol in alopecia areata. Skin Res Technol. 2024;30(7):e13800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.13800
AbdElneam AI, Al-Dhubaibi MS, Bahaj SS, Mohammed GF, Atef LM. Assessment of miR-19b-3p, miR-182-5p, and miR-155-5p expression and its relation. Arch Dermatol Res. 2025;317(1):619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-025-04240-9
Abd Elghany AA, Eyada MMK, Maher SA, Abd El-Fadeal NM, Atef LM. Molecular crosstalk between lncRNA H19, miR-29a, and JAK2/STAT3 signaling in alopecia areata: a preliminary study. Cytokine. 2026;199:157121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2026.157121
Luo W, Tantai W, Gui Q, Zhu X, Hu Z, Jie X, et al. ROS-responsive hydrogel-delivered miR-665 targets STAT3 to alleviate inflammation and promote hair follicle regeneration in alopecia areata. J Nanobiotechnol. 2026;24(1):285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-026-04214-7
Al Eitan LN, Alghamdi M, Al Momani R, Aljamal H, Elsy B, Mohammed H, et al. Genetic Association between Interleukin Genes and Alopecia Areata in Jordanian Patients. Oman Med J. 2022;37(5):e421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2022.92
AbdElneam A, Al-Dhubaibi M, Bahaj S, Alhetheli G. MiR-200c-3p as a novel genetic marker and therapeutic tool for alopecia areata. Skin Res Technol. 2024;30(3):e13639. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.13639
Ding Y, Chen Y, Yang X, Xu P, Jing J, Miao Y, et al. An integrative analysis of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA competitive endogenous RNA network reveals potential mechanisms in the murine hair follicle cycle. Front Genet. 2022:13:931797. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.931797
Xiong J, Wu B, Hou Q, Huang X, Jia L, Li Y, et al. Comprehensive Analysis of LncRNA AC010789.1 Delays Androgenic Alopecia Progression by Targeting MicroRNA-21 and the Wnt/ β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Hair Follicle Stem Cells. Front Genet. 2022;13:782750. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.782750
Bao L, Sun Z, Dang L, Zhang Q, Zheng L, Yang F, et al. LncRNA RP11-818O24.3 promotes hair-follicle recovery via FGF2-PI3K/Akt signal pathway. Cytotechnology. 2024;76(4):425-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-024-00624-3
Wen L, Fan Z, Huang W, Miao Y, Zhang J, Liu B, et al. Retinoic acid drives hair follicle stem cell activation via Wnt/beta-catenin signalling in androgenetic alopecia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2024;39(1):189-201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.20000
Lee KWA, Sydorchuk O, Song JK, Lee SR, Yu E, Kim SH, et al. Exosomes in trichology: A literature review. JPRAS Open. 2025 Nov 19:48:567-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpra.2025.11.011
Yuhan W, Zhiru C, Yu D, Ruiqing Z, Guangtao P, Jie X. Research Progress on the Synergistic Role of Gut Microbiota and Exosomal miRNAs in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia. Curr Top Med Chem; 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/0115680266424195251211072643
Abdelkader HA, Amin I, Rashed L, Samir M, Ezzat M. Histone deacetylase 1 in patients with alopecia areata and acne vulgaris: An epigenetic alteration. Australas J Dermatol. 2022;63(2):e138-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.13784
Hao L, Nam K, Lee G, Kim D, Shin J, Lee Y, et al. SIRT1 downregulation provokes immune-inflammatory responses in hair follicle outer root sheath cells and may contribute to development of alopecia areata. J Dermatol Sci. 2023;111(1):2-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.05.005
Sennett ML, Agak G, Thiboutot D, Nelson A: Transcriptomic Analyses Predict Enhanced Metabolic Activity and Therapeutic Potential of mTOR Inhibitors in Acne-Prone Skin. JID Innov. 2024;4(6):100306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xjidi.2024.100306
Teder-Laving M, Kals M, Reigo A, Ehin R, Objärtel T, Vaht M, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies novel loci conferring risk of acne vulgaris. Eur J Hum Genet. 2024;32(9):1136-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-023-01326-8
Gong K, Ji X, Wu S, Zhao DD, Zhu M. DNA Methylation at cg18095732 Modulates ZDHHC20 Expression and Decreases Acne Vulgaris Risk. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2025;18:2579-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S552840
Pacella GN, Kuprasertkul N, Bao L, Huang S, D'souza C, Prouty SM, et al. UTX (KDM6A) promotes differentiation noncatalytically in somatic self-renewing epithelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122(20):e2422971122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2422971122
Jiang J, Zhu H, Yang M, Yang B, Wu H, Lu Q. Topical administration of a BCL-2 inhibitor alleviates cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;142(Pt B):113132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113132
De Felice B, De Luca P, Montanino C, Mallardo M, Babino G, Mattera E, et al. LncRNA microarray profiling identifies novel circulating lncRNAs in hidradenitis suppurativa. Mol Med Rep. 2024;30(1):112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2024.13236
Chawla H, Kosta S, Namdeo C, Kataria R, Bhatia K, Sahu R, et al. Genotype Study of Filaggrin Gene Loss-of-Function Mutations in Central India Population with Atopic Dermatitis and Ichthyosis Vulgaris. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2023;14(5):611-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/idoj.idoj_636_22
Luo W, Lu Q, Jiang Y, Dong W, Lin Z, Wang H, et al. Symmetrical acral keratoderma associated with new variants in the filaggrin gene. Eur J Dermatol. 2024;34(4):425-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2024.4740
Gu S, Huang X, Luo S, Liu Y, Khoong Y, Liang H, et al. Targeting the nuclear long noncoding transcript LSP1P5 abrogates extracellular matrix deposition by trans-upregulating CEBPA in keloids. Mol Ther. 2024;32(6):1984-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.03.031
Jeremian R, Lytvyn Y, Fotovati R, Li K, Sachdeva M, Tarafda N, et al. Signatures of epigenetic, biological and mitotic age acceleration and telomere shortening are associated with arsenic-induced skin lesions. Arch Dermatol Res. 2024;316(5):195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-024-02923-3
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
