Risk factors associated with urinary tract infection among adult patients attending a tertiary care hospital:  a hospital-based cross-sectional study

Payal Godria; Kushal Kiritkumar Salunke; Prachi Ramesh Anand; Meet Ghonia; Divyang S. Bhudhrani

doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20264192

Authors

Payal Godria Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College Baroda, Gujarat, India
Kushal Kiritkumar Salunke Department of Medicine, GMERS Medical College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Prachi Ramesh Anand Department of Medicine, Medical College Baroda, Gujarat, India
Meet Ghonia Department of Medicine, Narendra Modi Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Divyang S. Bhudhrani Department of Medicine, Bukovinian State Medical University, Ukraine; SSG Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20264192

Keywords:

Urinary tract infection, Risk factors, Diabetes mellitus, Urinary catheterization, Recurrent UTI, Adults, Tertiary care hospital, Cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection associated with significant morbidity. This study aimed to determine the proportion of symptomatic adult patients diagnosed with UTI and identify associated demographic and clinical factors.

Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 adults. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, previous UTI, urinary catheterization, recent hospitalization, and urological instrumentation were recorded using a structured proforma. UTI status was assessed using clinical features and urine routine examination, and urine culture was performed for all participants. Associations were assessed using the chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression.

Results: Among 300 participants, 84 (28.0%) had UTI. The mean age was 48.6±16.2 years, and 174 (58.0%) were female. UTI was significantly more frequent among females than males (35.1% vs. 18.3%, p=0.002) and among participants with diabetes mellitus than those without diabetes (41.7% vs. 21.6%, p<0.001). Previous UTI (46.2% vs. 23.0%, p<0.001), urinary catheterization (50.0% vs. 23.2%, p=0.001), and recent urological instrumentation (48.0% vs. 24.0%, p=0.018) were also associated with UTI. Multivariable analysis identified female sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.94, 95% CI 1.08-3.48), diabetes mellitus (aOR 2.31, 95% CI 1.32-4.05), previous UTI (aOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.53-4.97), and urinary catheterization (aOR 2.48, 95% CI 1.24-4.96) as independent correlates.

Conclusions: UTI affected 28.0% of participants. Female sex, diabetes mellitus, previous UTI, and urinary catheterization were independently associated with UTI. Identifying high-risk patients may support early diagnosis and preventive strategies.

References

Kiranmala K, Johnson R, Savio J, Idiculla J. Microbiologic profile and clinical practices in urinary tract infections in a tertiary care center in Southern India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(9):2888-92.

Alghoraibi H, Asidan A, Aljawaied R, Almukhayzim R, Alsaydan A, Alamer E, et al. Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Adult Patients, Risk Factors, and Efficacy of Low Dose Prophylactic Antibiotics Therapy. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2023;13(2):200-11.

Kande S, Patro S, Panigrahi A, Khora PK, Pattnaik D. Prevalence of uropathogens and their antimicrobial resistance pattern among adult diabetic patients. Indian J Public Health. 2021;65(3):280-6.

Parihar S, Sharma R, Kinimi SV, Choudhary S. An Observational Study from Northern India to Evaluate Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infection in Medical Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Care Center. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2023;27(9):642-6.

Bhatia N, Daga MK, Garg S, Prakash SK. Urinary catheterization in medical wards. J Glob Infect Dis. 2010;2(2):83-90.

Chandrasekhar D, Dollychan A, Roy BM, Cholamughath S, Parambil JC. Prevalence and antibiotic utilization pattern of uropathogens causing community-acquired urinary tract infection in Kerala, India. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2018;29(6):671-7.

Sharma M, Qanoongo FN, Doley PK, Pegu G, Pegu M. Spectrum and impact of urinary tract infections among adult renal allograft recipients in a tertiary care center of Northeast India. Int Urol Nephrol. 2025;57(11):3867-78.

Rosenthal VD, Yin R, Abbo LM, Lee BH, Rodrigues C, Myatra SN, et al. An international prospective study of INICC analyzing the incidence and risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infections in 235 ICUs across 8 Asian Countries. Am J Infect Control. 2024;52(1):54-60.

Dedeepya SP, Shankar CB, Kusuma PK, Binayake P, Kumar BK, Sree TR. A Study of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection in a Tertiary Care Center. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2026;18(1):S96-8.

Taneja N, Singh G, Singh M, Madhup S, Pahil S, Sharma M. High occurrence of blaCMY-1 AmpC lactamase producing Escherichia coli in cases of complicated urinary tract infection (UTI) from a tertiary health care centre in north India. Indian J Med Res. 2012;136(2):289-91.

Jha T, Khaparde M, Parkhe TS, Purandare B, Lavate R. Incidence Risk Factors and Drug Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Isolates in Patients with Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2025;29(4):338-44.