Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending medicine out-patient department of a tertiary care hospital in Alappuzha, Kerala, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171259Keywords:
Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic retinopathy, Duration of diabetesAbstract
Background: Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication affecting the eyes of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus due to long-term hyperglycaemia. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness among working aged adults around the world. There are various factors leading to the development of diabetic retinopathy namely duration of diabetes, glycaemic control, age at onset of diabetes, uncontrolled hypertension. This is a hospital based cross-sectional study which aimed to study the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending Medicine out-patient department of Government T. D. Medical College, Alappuzha, Kerala, India. The factors contributing to the development of retinopathy was also studied.
Methods: 200 already diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects were included in the study. Subjects were explained about the study and once the consent was received, data regarding age, gender, age at onset of diabetes, duration of diabetes, history of smoking, alcohol intake, and socio-economic status was documented. Height and weight was measured. Blood pressure was recorded with mercury sphygmomanometer. Then the subjects were evaluated for diabetic retinopathy by fundus examination after dilating the eyes. Findings were noted and subjects were categorized as no retinopathy, nonproliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy using the ETDRS classification.
Results: In present study, out of 200 subjects, 63 subjects (31.5%) were affected with diabetic retinopathy (non-proliferative retinopathy=22.5%, proliferative retinopathy=9%). Prevalence of mild, moderate and severe non-proliferative retinopathy was 7.5% each. Significant association was found between diabetic retinopathy and duration of diabetes.
Conclusions: Therefore, periodic screening of diabetic patients should be carried out for early detection and prevention of loss of vision.
Metrics
References
Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya’ale D, Kocur I, Pararajasegaram R, Pokharel GP, et al. Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bulletin of The World Health Organisation. 2004;82(11):844-51.
Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Dia Care. 2004;27(5):1047-53.
Narendran V, John RK, Raghuram A, Ravindran RD, Nirmalan PK, Thulasiraj RD. Diabetic retinopathy among self reported diabetics in Southern India: a population based assessment. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86(9):1014-8.
Rema M, Premkumar S, Anitha B, Deepa R, Pradeepa R, Mohan V. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in urban India: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) eye study, I. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(7):2328-33.
Raman R, Rani PK, Gnanamoorthy P, Sudhir RR, Kumaramanikavel G, Sharma T. Association of obesity with diabetic retinopathy: Sankara Nethralaya diabetic retinopathy epidemiology and molecular genetics study (SN-DREAMS Report no. 8). Acta Diabetol. 2010;47(3):209-15.
Agrawal RP, Ranka M, Beniwal R, Gothwal SR, Jain GC, Kochar DK, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes in relation to risk factors : hospital based study. Int J Dia Dev Cities. 2003;23:16-9.
Ramavat PR, Ramavat MR, Ghugare BW, Vaishnav RG, Joshi MU. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Western Indian type 2 diabetic population: a hospital - based cross-sectional study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7(7):1387-90.
Rema M, Ponnaiya M, Mohan V. Prevalence of retinopathy in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus at a diabetes centre in southern India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1996;34(1):29-36.
Dandona L, Dandona R, Naduvilath TJ, McCarty CA, Rao GN. Population based assessment of diabetic retinopathy in an urban population in southern India. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83(8):937-40.
Mohan V. Lighting up diabetes in the Asian young: the ASDIAB study. Diabetes. 2002;47(3):20-3.
Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Vijay V, Viswanathan M. Diabetic retinopathy at the time of diagnosis of NIDDM in South Indian subjects. Dia Res Clin Pract. 1996;32(1-2):111-4.
Knuiman MW, Welborn TA, McCann VJ, Stanton KG, Constable IJ. Prevalence of diabetic complications in relation to risk factors. Diabetes. 1986;35(12):1332-9.
Burditt AG, Caird FI, Draper GJ. The natural history of diabetic retinopathy. Q J Med. 1968;37(146):303-17.
Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Cruickshanks KJ. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy: XVII. The 14-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in type 1 diabetes. Ophthalmology. 1998;105(10):1801-15.
Kohner EM, McLeod D MJ. Diabetic eye disease. In: Keen H Jr, editor. complications of diabetes. 2nd ed. Edward Arnold; 1982:19-108.
Jenchitr W, Samaiporn S, Lertmeemongkolchai P, Chongwiriyanurak T, Anujaree P, Chayaboon D, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in relation to duration of diabetes mellitus in community hospitals of Lampang. J Med Assoc Thai. 2004;87(11):1321-6.
Agardh E, Agardh CD, Koul S, Torffvit O. A four-year follow-up study on the incidence of diabetic retinopathy in older onset diabetes mellitus. Dia Med. 1994;11(3):273-8.
Cohen O, Norymberg K, Neumann E, Dekel H. Complication-free duration and the risk of development of retinopathy in elderly diabetic patients. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(6):641-4.
Yoshida Y, Hagura R, Hara Y, Sugasawa G, Akanuma Y. Risk factors for the development of diabetic retinopathy in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Dia Res Clin Pract. 2001;51(3):195-203.
George M, Harper R, Balamurugan A. RTI International - Diabetic retinopathy and its risk factors in a population-based study. J Prim Care Comm Heal. 2011;2(2):334-42.
Rema M, Shanthirani C, Deepa R, Mohan V. Prevalence of retinopathy in a selected South Indian population in the Chennai Urban Population Study (CUPS). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2000;50:252.
Karadeniz ZS, Yilmaz MT. Duration of diabetes and prevalence of diabetic retinopathy: Istanbul diabetic retinopathy study- IDRS results 1. Dia Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2007;1(1):43-8.
Cahill M, Halley A, Codd M, O’Meara N, Firth R, Mooney D, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus diagnosed after the age of 70 years. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81(3):218-22.
Tan CSH, Gay EMQ, Ngo WK. Is age a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy? Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94(9):1268.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
