Zika virus and its clinical implications: a comprehensive review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171219Keywords:
Pregnancy, Zika virusAbstract
Recent Zika virus outbreak in Latin America and the Caribbean has drawn the world’s attention toward this relatively unknown virus, with WHO declaring it a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). India has had its own tryst with Zika virus with that “significant numbers” of Indians had already been exposed to Zika as early as 1950s. An exponential spread of Zika virus is a potential public health concern, with implications requiring immediate action. The devastating complications of Zika virus infection, particularly congenital and neurological, makes imperative a thorough, thoughtful, and level-headed public health approach in dealing with this infection especially during pregnancy. We review the data on this deadly infection in this brief review including its history, epidemiology, clinical features and management aspects particularly in pregnant women.Metrics
References
Heymann DL, Hodgson A, Sall AA, Freedman DO, Staples JE, Althabe F, et al. Zika virus and microcephaly: why is this situation a PHEIC? Lancet. 2016;387(10020):719-21.
Pierson TC, Diamond MS. Flaviviruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley PN, eds. Fields Virology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Health; 2013:747-794.
Kuno G, Chang GJ, Tsuchiya KR, Karabatsos N, Cropp CB. Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus. J Virol. 1998;72(1):73-83.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid risk assessment: Microcephaly in Brazil potentially linked to the Zika virus epidemic. 2015. Available from: http:// ecdc.europa.eu/ en/ publications/ Publications/ zikamicrocephaly- Brazil- rapid- risk- assessment- Nov-2015.pdf (Accessed January 27, 2016).
Bogoch II, Brady OJ, Kraemer MU, German M, Creatore MI, Kulkarni MA, et al. Anticipating the international spread of Zika virus from Brazil. Lancet. 2016;387(10016):335-6.
Elachola H, Gozzer E, Zhuo J, Memish ZA. A crucial time for public health preparedness: Zika virus and the 2016 Olympics, Umrah, and Hajj. Lancet. 2016;387:630-2.
Al-Qahtani AA, Nazir N, Al-Anazi MR, Rubino S, Al-Ahdal MN. Zika virus: a new pandemic threat. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2016;10(3):201-7.
Sikka V, Chattu VK, Popli RK. The emergence of Zika Virus as a global health security threat: a review and a consensus statement of the INDUSEM joint working group (JWG). J Global Infect Dis. 2016;8(1):3-15.
World Health Organization. Emergencies: The history of Zika virus. Available from: http:// www.who.int/ emergencies/ zika-virus/ timeline/en/ (Accessed on February 25, 2016).
Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT. Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2536.
Hayes EB. Zika virus outside Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1347.
Cauchemez S, Besnard M, Bompard P. Association between Zika virus and microcephaly in French Polynesia, 2013-15: a retrospective study. Lancet. 2016;387(10033)2125-32.
Gatherer D, Kohl A. Zika virus: a previously slow pandemic spreads rapidly through the Americas. J Gen Virol. 2016;97(2):269.
Faria NR, Azevedo RD, Kraemer MU, Souza R, Cunha MS, Hill SC, et al. Zika virus in the Americas: Early epidemiological and genetic findings. Science. 2016. pii: aaf5036
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Newsroom: First case of Zika virus reported in Puerto Rico. Available from: http:// www.cdc.gov/ media/ releases/ 2015/ s1231-zika.html (Accessed on January 25, 2016).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zika Virus in the Caribbean. Available from: http:// wwwnc.cdc.gov/ travel/ notices/ alert/ zika-virus-caribbean (Accessed on January 27, 2016).
State of Hawaii. DOH News Release: Hawaii Department of Health Receives Confirmation of Zika Infection in Baby Born with Microcephaly. Available from: http:// governor.hawaii.gov/ newsroom/ doh-news- release- hawaii- department- of- health- receives- confirmation- of- zika- infection- in- baby- born- with- microcephaly/ (Accessed on January 27, 2016).
Rowlatt J. Why Asia should worry about Zika too [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http:// www.bbc.com/ news/ world-asia-india-35457661 (Accessed 10 April 2016).
Smithburn KC, Kerr JA, Gatne PB. Neutralizing antibodies against certain viruses in the sera of residents of India. J Immunol. 1954;72(4):248-57.
Zanluca C, Melo VC, Mosimann AL, Santos GI, Santos CN, Luz K. First report of autochthonous transmission of Zika virus in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2015;110(4):569-72.
Musso D. Zika virus transmission from French Polynesia to Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(10):1887.
Weaver SC, Costa F, Garcia-Blanco MA, Ko AI, Ribeiro GS, Saade G, et al. Zika virus: History, emergence, biology, and prospects for control. Antiviral Res. 2016;130:69-80.
Cetron M. Revision to CDC's Zika travel notices: minimal likelihood for mosquito-borne Zika virus transmission at elevations above 2,000 meters. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:267.
Sexton DJ. Zika virus infection. In: Hirsch MS, Lockwood CJ, Edwards MS, eds. UpToDate, Waltham, MA (Accessed on April 12, 2016). Available from: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/106169
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Newsroom: CDC adds countries to interim travel guidance related to Zika virus. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0122-zika-travel-guidance.html (Accessed on January 25, 2016).
Pan American Health Organization. Zika Virus Infection. Available from: http:// www.paho.org/ hq/ index.php?option=com_topics&view=article&id=427&Itemid=41484 (Accessed on January 18, 2016).
Dallas County Health and Human Services. DCHHS Reports First Zika virus case in Dallas county acquired through sexual transmission. Available from: http:// www.dallascounty.org/ department/ hhs/ press/ documents/ PR2-2-16DCHHSReportsFirstCaseof ZikaVirusThroughSexualTransmission.pdf (Accessed on February 03, 2016).
Bhattacharya S. Will the Zika virus come to India? [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2016/02/02/will-the-zika-virus-come-to-india/ (Accessed April 12, 2016).
Logan SI. Zika- How fast does this virus mutate? Dongwuxue Yanjiu. 2016;37(2):110-5.
Hayes EB. Zika virus outside Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1347-50.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zika Virus: Transmission. Available from: http:// www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html (Accessed on April 13, 2016).
Musso D, Nhan T, Robin E, Roche C, Bierlaire D, Zizou K, et al. Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014;19:20771.
Foy BD, Kobylinski KC, Foy CJL, Blitvich BJ, da Rosa TA, Haddow AD, et al. Probable non-vector-borne transmission of Zika virus, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:880-2.
Besnard M, Lastere S, Teissier A. Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(13) pii: 20751.
Musso D, Roche C, Robin E. Potential sexual transmission of Zika virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:359.
Pinto VL Jr, Luz K, Parreira R, Ferrinho P. Zika virus: A review to Clinicians. Acta Med Port. 2015;28(6):760-5.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zika Virus Disease Q and A. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/zika/disease-qa.html (Accessed on April 13, 2016)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zika Virus: For Health Care Providers: Clinical Evaluation and Disease. Available from: http:// www.cdc.gov/ zika/ hc-providers/ clinicalevaluation.html (Accessed on April13, 2016).
Chan JF, Choi GK, Yip CC, Cheng VC, Yuen KY. Zika fever and congenital Zika syndrome: An unexpected emerging arboviral disease? J Infect. 2016;72(5):507-24.
Campos GS, Bandeira AC, Sardi SI. Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(10):1885e6.
Petersen EE, Staples JE, Meaney-Delman D. Interim guidelines for pregnant women during a Zika Virus outbreak - United States, 2016. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:30.
Fontes BM. Zika virus-related hypertensive iridocyclitis. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2016 Feb;79(1):63. doi: 10.5935/0004-2749.20160020.
Loos S, Mallet HP, Leparc Goffart I, Gauthier V, Cardoso T,Herida M. Current Zika virus epidemiology and recent epidemics.Med Mal Infect 2014;44(7):302e7.
Wong SS, Poon RW, Wong SC. Zika virus infection- the next wave after dengue? J Formos Med Assoc. 2016;115(4):226-42.
Zammarchi L, Stella G, Mantella A, Bartolozzi D, Tappe D, Günther S, et al. Zika virus infections imported to Italy: clinical, immunological and virological findings, and public health implications. J Clin Virol. 2015;63:32-5.
Dupont-Rouzeyrol M, O’Connor O, Calvez E, Daures M, John M, Grangeon JP, et al. Co-infection with Zika and dengue viruses in 2 patients, New Caledonia, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(2):381e2.
Basarab M, Bowman C, Aarons EJ, Cropley I. Zika virus. BMJ. 2016;352:i1049.
World Health Organization. Zika Virus Disease, Interim case definition. World Health Organization, 2016. 12 February Available from: http:// www.who.int/csr/disease/zika/case-definition/en/
Schuler-Faccini L, Ribeiro EM, Feitosa IM. Possible association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly- Brazil, 2015. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:59.
Pan American Health Organization. Epidemiological Alert: Neurological syndrome, congenital malformations, and Zika virus infection. Implications for public health in the Americas, 1 December 2015. Available from: http:// www.paho.org/ hq/index.php? option=com_docman&task=doc_view&Itemid=270&gid=32405&lang=en (Accessed on April 11, 2016).
World Health Organization. Dispelling rumours around Zika and microcephaly. Available from: http:// www.who.int/ emergencies/ zika-virus/ articles/ rumours/en/ (Accessed on March 02, 2016).
Ventura CV, Maia M, Bravo-Filho V. Zika virus in Brazil and macular atrophy in a child with microcephaly. Lancet. 2016;387:228.
de Paula FB, de Oliveira DJR, Prazeres J. Ocular findings in infants with microcephaly associated with presumed Zika virus congenital infection in Salvador, Brazil. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(5):529-35.
Lucchese G, Kanduc D. Zika virus and autoimmunity: From microcephaly to Guillain-Barre syndrome, and beyond. Autoimmun Rev. 2016. pii:S1568-9972(16)30077-5.
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) Publications Committee. Ultrasound screening for fetal microcephaly following Zika virus exposure. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016. pii: S0002-9378(16)00343-4.
Papageorghiou AT, Thilaganathan B, Bilardo CM, Ngu A, Malinger G, Herrera M, et al. ISUOG interim guidance on ultrasound for Zika virus infection in pregnancy: information for healthcare professionals. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016;47(4):530-2.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zika Virus: For Health Care Providers: Diagnostic Testing. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/ diagnostic.html (Accessed on April 13, 2016)
Oduyebo T, Petersen EE, Rasmussen SA. Update: Interim guidelines for health care providers caring for pregnant women and women of reproductive age with possible Zika virus exposure- United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:122.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. New CDC laboratory test for zika virus authorized for emergency use by FDA. Available from: http:// www.cdc.gov/ media/releases/2016/s0318-zika-lab-test.html (Accessed on March 21, 2016).
Petersen EE, Polen KN, Meaney-Delman D. Update: Interim guidance for health care providers caring for women of reproductive age with possible Zika Virus Exposure- United States, 2016. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:315.
Oster AM, Russell K, Stryker JE. Update: Interim Guidance for prevention of sexual transmission of Zika virus- United States, 2016. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:323.
McCarthy M. Zika virus outbreak prompts US to issue travel alert to pregnant women. BMJ. 2016;352:i306.
Staples JE, Dziuban EJ, Fischer M. Interim guidelines for the evaluation and testing of infants with possible congenital Zika virus infection- United States, 2016. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:63.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. [online] Mohfw.nic.in. Available from: http:// www.mohfw.nic.in/ showfile.php?lid=3723 [Accessed 13 Apr. 2016].
Ahmad SS, Amin TN, Ustianowski A. Zika virus: management on infection and risk. BMJ. 2016;352:i1062.
Citil-Dogan A, Wayne S, Bauer S, Ogunyemi D, Kulkharni SK, Maulik D, et al. The Zika virus and pregnancy: evidence, management, and prevention. J Matern Fetal Neonat Med. 20167:1-41.
World Health Organization. Emergencies preparedness, response: Psychosocial support for pregnant women and for families with microcephaly and other neurological complications in the context of Zika virus: Interim guidance for health-care providers. Available from: http:// who.int/ csr/ resources/ publications/zika/psychosocial-support/en/ (Accessed on February 29, 2016).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
