Role of high resolution sonography and color Doppler flow imaging in the evaluation of scrotal pathology

Authors

  • Ashish Kumar Gupta Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences (Affiliated to Bharath University) Osudu, Puducherry, India
  • Shrinuvasan S. Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences (Affiliated to Bharath University) Osudu, Puducherry, India
  • Srikanth Sanjeev Shetty Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences (Affiliated to Bharath University) Osudu, Puducherry, India
  • Chidambaram R. Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences (Affiliated to Bharath University) Osudu, Puducherry, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171254

Keywords:

CDFI, Gray-scale sonography, Power Doppler, Scrotum, Testis

Abstract

Background: Scrotal swelling and pain are frequently encountered in clinical practice. Although to reach a diagnosis in some patients, history and physical examination are adequate, yet in a large percentage of patients, some additional studies are essential for complete evaluation of their symptoms. The clinical examination is often misleading or non-specific. The study shows the application of Gray-scale sonography, Color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) and Power Doppler (PD) in the diagnosis of swelling, malposition, torsion, trauma, varicocele, hydrocele, cyst, mass, and atrophy.

Methods: A total of 93 patients from all age groups with symptoms related to scrotal disease have been included in this study. Gray-scale sonography, CDFI and PD sonography of scrotal lesions were carried out.

Results: A good correlation was seen in the comparison of scrotal lesions between sonography (gray scale, CDFI, and PD) and histopathology/ treatment response.

Conclusions: High-resolution sonography, along with color Doppler flow imaging and power Doppler should be used as the first-line investigation in the evaluation of scrotal pathologies. Color Doppler flow Imaging and power Doppler add useful information and complement gray-scale sonography in reaching a correct diagnosis.

References

Miskin M, Bain J. B-mode ultrasonic examination of the testis. J Clin Ultrasound. 1974;2:306-11.

Kleinteich B, Hadziselimovic F, Hesse V, Schreiber G. Kongenitale hodendystopien. Thieme, Leipzig, Germany; 1979:S15-107.

Martin LC, Share JC, Peters C, Atala A. Hydrocele of the spermatic cord: embryology and ultrasonographic appearance. Pediatr Radiol. 1996;26:528-30

Nye PJ, Prati Jr. Idiopathic hydroceles and absent testicular diastolic flow. JCV. 1997;25:43-6.

Greenberg SH, Lipshultz LI, Wein AJ. A preliminary report on “subclinical varicocele: diagnosis by Doppler ultrasonic stethoscope. J Reprod Med. 1979;22:77-80.

Grasso LF, Pepe P, Panella P, Pepe F. Velocimetric evaluation of spermatic vessels with echo color Doppler in patients with idiopathic varicocele. Minerva Urol-Nefrol. 1997;49:179-82.

Hamm B, Fobbe F, Loy V. Testicular cysts: differentiation with ultrasound and clinical findings. Radiology. 1988;168;19-23.

Gooding GAW, Leonhardt W, Stein R. Testicular cysts: US findings. Radiology. 1987;165:537-8.

Doherty FJ. Ultrasound of the nonacute scrotum. Semin ultrasound CT MR. 1999;12:131-56.

Krone KD, Caroll BA. Scrotal ultrasound. Radiol Clin north Am. 1985;23:121-39.

Langer JE. Ultrasound of the scrotum. Seminars in Roentgenology. 1983;28:5-18.

Subramanyam BR, Balthazar EJ, Raghavendra BN, Horii SC, Hilton S. Sonographic diagnosis of a scrotal hernia. AJR. 1982;139:535-8.

Hollaway BJ, Belcher HE, Letourneau JG, Kunberger LE. Scrotal sonography: a valuable tool in the evaluation of complications following inguinal hernia repair. J Clin Ultrasound. 1998;26:341-4.

Horstman WG, Middleton WD, Melson GL. Scrotal inflammatory disease. Colour Doppler Ultrasound findings. Radiology. 1991;179:55-9.

Brown JM, Hammers LW, Barton JW, Holland CK, Scoutt LM, Pellerito JS, Taylor KJ. Quantitative Doppler assessment of acute scrotal inflammation. Radiology. 1995;197(2):427-31.

Kim SH, Pollack HM, Cho KS, Pollack MS, Han MC. Tuberculous epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis: Sonographic findings. J Urol. 1993;150: 180-4.

Tumeh SS, Benson CB, Richie JP. Acute diseases of the scrotum. Semin US CT MR. 1991;12:115-30.

Bird K, Rosenfield AT, Taylor KJW. Ultrasonography in testicular torsion. Radiology. 1983;7:527-34.

Jeffrey RB, Laing FC, Hricak, H, McAninch JW. Sonography of testicular trauma. AJR. 1983;141:993-5.

Dewire DM, Begun FP, Lawson RK, Fitzgerald S, Foley WD. Color Doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of the acute scrotum. J Urol. 1992;147:89-91.

Arvis G, Bonfils P, Marsot-Dupuch K. Ultrasound diagnosis of testicular tumors. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1985;203:237-42.

Arger PH, Mulhern Jr CB, Coleman BG, Pollack HM, Wein A, Koss J, et al. Prospective analysis of the value of scrotal ultrasound. Radiology. 1981;141(3):763-6.

Nachtsheim DA, Scheible FW, Gosinki B. Ultrasonography of testis tumors. J Urol. 1983;129:978-81.

Mostafi FK. Testicular tumors. Epidemiologic, Etiologic, and pathologic features. Cancer. 1973;32:1186-1201.

Azzopardi JG, Hoffbrand AV. Retrogression in testicular seminoma with viable metastases. J Clin Pathol. 1965;18:135-41.

Grantham JG, Charboneau JW, James EM, Kirschling RJ, Kvols LK, Segura JW, et al. Testicular neoplasms: 29 tumors studied by high-resolution US. Radiology. 1985;157(3):775-80.

Horstman WG, Melson GL, Middleton WD, Andride GL. Testicular tumors: Findings with color Doppler US. Radiology. 1992;185:733-7.

Cross JJL, Berman LH, Elliott PG, Irving S. Scrotal trauma: a cause of testicular atrophy. Clinical Radiology. 1999;54:317-320.

Grainger AS, Hide IG, Eliot ST. The ultrasound appearance of scrotal edema. Eur J Ultrasound. 1998;8:33-37.

Downloads

Published

2017-03-28

How to Cite

Gupta, A. K., S., S., Shetty, S. S., & R., C. (2017). Role of high resolution sonography and color Doppler flow imaging in the evaluation of scrotal pathology. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 5(4), 1499–1509. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171254

Issue

Section

Original Research Articles