Pleiotropic benefits and utility of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in current practice

Vishal Madanlal Chaudhari; Dnyanoba Kishanrao Bhaskar; Medha Ajit Oak

doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20213114

Authors

Vishal Madanlal Chaudhari Sai Jyot Multispecialty Hospital, Dombivali, Thane, Maharashtra, India
Dnyanoba Kishanrao Bhaskar Lifeline Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Medha Ajit Oak OAK Hospital and ICON Multispecialty Hospital, Dombivali, Thane, Maharashtra, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20213114

Keywords:

ACE inhibitors, Renin-angiotensin system, Pleiotropic benefits, COVID-19

Abstract

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is responsible for maintaining hemodynamic stability and thereby impacts multiple organ systems, such as the central nervous system, heart, and kidneys. Angiotensin II (ang II) is the main effector of the RAAS. However, overactivity of the RAAS can give rise to cardiovascular disorders, stroke, and nephrosclerosis. Unfavorable effects on cardiovascular system are attributed to ang II. RAAS activation also results in release and increased activity of several hormonal and inflammatory mediators, trigger formation of a number of secondary messengers and/or activate pathways, which negatively affects blood vessels and tissue. RAAS inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and calcium channel blockers can protect various organs from damage by blocking the protean manifestation of RAAS activity, either in its circulating or its locally tissue-active form. This review explains on the pleiotropic effects and benefits that go beyond mere blood pressure control. ACEIs in terms of mortality reduction, long‑term survival benefits, cardioprotective and vasculo-protective effects as well as improve fibrinolytic balance. Ramipril has been clinically proven to reduce rates of mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke. ACEIs and ARBs were associated with lesser risks of COVID-19 infection.

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